1 This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.7 from gzip.texi.
3 INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
5 * gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
8 This file documents the GNU `gzip' command for compressing files.
10 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 10 September 2006), and
11 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
13 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
15 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
17 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
18 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
19 Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
20 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
21 being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
22 below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
23 "GNU Free Documentation License."
25 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
26 modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
27 the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
30 File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir)
35 This file documents the GNU `gzip' command for compressing files.
37 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 10 September 2006), and
38 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
40 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
42 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
44 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
45 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
46 Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
47 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
48 being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
49 below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
50 "GNU Free Documentation License."
52 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
53 modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
54 the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
58 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
59 * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
60 * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
61 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
62 * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
63 * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
64 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
65 * Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
66 * Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
69 File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Up: Top
74 `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
75 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
76 extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
77 modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
78 MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
79 name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
80 `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
81 will ignore symbolic links.
83 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
84 truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
85 name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
86 name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
87 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
88 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
89 which do not have a limit on file name length.
91 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and timestamp in the
92 compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
93 `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated
94 or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
96 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
97 -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
98 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
99 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
101 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
102 file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
103 which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
104 without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
105 extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
106 respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
107 necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
109 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
110 `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
111 When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
112 redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed length.
113 The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency checks.
114 However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file. If you
115 get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that the
116 `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does not
117 complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does not
118 check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
119 `compress -H' format (`lzh' compression method) does not include a CRC
120 but also allows some consistency checks.
122 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
123 have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
124 feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
125 `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
126 command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
127 `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
129 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
130 list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
131 uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
132 that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
135 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
136 amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
137 distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
138 or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
139 than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
140 used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
142 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
143 slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
144 bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
145 expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
146 of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' preserves the mode,
147 ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.
149 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
150 specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
151 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
152 deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
153 Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
154 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
157 File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
162 Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
164 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
168 usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
169 -c --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
170 -d --decompress decompress
171 -f --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
172 -h --help give this help
173 -l --list list compressed file contents
174 -L --license display software license
175 -n --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
176 -N --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
177 -q --quiet suppress all warnings
178 -r --recursive operate recursively on directories
179 -S .suf --suffix .suf use suffix .suf on compressed files
180 -t --test test compressed file integrity
181 -v --verbose verbose mode
182 -V --version display version number
183 -1 --fast compress faster
184 -9 --best compress better
185 file... files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input.
186 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
188 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
190 texinfo.tex: 69.7% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
192 The following command will find all `gzip' files in the current
193 directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without
194 destroying the original:
196 find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh
199 File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
204 The format for running the `gzip' program is:
208 `gzip' supports the following options:
213 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
214 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
215 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
216 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
225 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
226 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
227 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
228 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
229 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
230 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If `-f'
231 is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
232 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
236 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
240 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
242 compressed size: size of the compressed file
243 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
244 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
245 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
247 The uncompressed size is given as `-1' for files not in `gzip'
248 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
249 size for such a file, you can use:
253 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
256 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
257 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
258 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
260 The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
262 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
263 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
264 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
266 The `gzip' format represents the the input size modulo 2^32, so
267 the uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly
268 for uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this
269 problem, you can use the following command to discover a large
270 uncompressed file's true size:
276 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
280 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
281 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
282 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
283 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
284 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
285 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
286 is the default when decompressing.
290 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
291 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
292 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
293 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
294 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
298 Suppress all warning messages.
302 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
303 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
304 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
305 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
308 While compressing, synchronize the output occasionally based on the
309 input. This increases size by less than 1 percent most cases, but
310 means that the `rsync' program can take advantage of similarities
311 in the uncompressed input when syncronizing two files compressed
312 with this flag. `gunzip' cannot tell the difference between a
313 compressed file created with this option, and one created without
318 Use suffix `SUF' instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
319 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
320 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
321 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
322 regardless of suffix, as in:
324 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
326 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed to
327 avoid a conflict with `pack'.
331 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
335 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
340 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
346 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
347 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
348 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
349 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
350 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
354 File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
359 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
360 will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
361 members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
362 Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
363 decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
365 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
367 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
368 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
378 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
379 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can
380 get better compression by compressing all members at once:
382 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
384 compresses better than
386 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
388 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
391 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
393 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
394 size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
395 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
399 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
400 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
401 as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
402 transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
406 File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
411 The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
412 `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
413 explicit command line parameters. For example:
415 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
416 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
417 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
419 On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to
420 avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
423 File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
425 6 Using `gzip' on tapes
426 ***********************
428 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
429 the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and
430 the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
431 detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
432 and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
433 You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
434 option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
436 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
437 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
439 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
440 option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
441 of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
442 (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
445 File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
450 If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
451 <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
452 running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
453 operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
454 the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
457 File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
459 Appendix A Copying This Manual
460 ******************************
464 * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
467 File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
469 A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
470 ==================================
472 Version 1.1, March 2000
474 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
475 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
477 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
478 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
482 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
483 written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
484 the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
485 modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
486 this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
487 credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
488 modifications made by others.
490 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
491 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
492 It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
493 license designed for free software.
495 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
496 free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
497 free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
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501 We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
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504 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
506 This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
507 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
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509 any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
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512 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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516 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
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581 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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623 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
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726 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
728 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
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731 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
732 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
733 combined work in its license notice.
735 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
736 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
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740 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
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742 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
745 In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
746 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
747 entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
748 "Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
749 must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
751 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
753 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
754 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
755 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
756 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
757 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
758 documents in all other respects.
760 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
761 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
762 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
763 this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
766 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
768 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
769 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
770 a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
771 Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
772 copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
773 called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
774 other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
775 account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
776 derivative works of the Document.
778 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
779 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
780 quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
781 placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
782 aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
787 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
788 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
789 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
790 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
791 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
792 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
793 translation of this License provided that you also include the
794 original English version of this License. In case of a
795 disagreement between the translation and the original English
796 version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
800 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
801 except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
802 attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
803 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
804 License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
805 from you under this License will not have their licenses
806 terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
808 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
810 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
811 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
812 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
813 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
814 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
816 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
817 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
818 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
819 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
820 that specified version or of any later version that has been
821 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
822 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
823 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
824 Free Software Foundation.
826 A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
827 ----------------------------------------------------------
829 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
830 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
831 notices just after the title page:
833 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
834 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
835 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
836 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
837 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
838 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
839 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
840 Free Documentation License''.
842 If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
843 instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
844 Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
845 LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
847 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
848 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
849 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
850 permit their use in free software.
853 File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
855 Appendix B Concept Index
856 ************************
861 * bugs: Problems. (line 6)
862 * concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
863 * Environment: Environment. (line 6)
864 * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
866 * invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
867 * options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
868 * overview: Overview. (line 6)
869 * sample: Sample. (line 6)
870 * tapes: Tapes. (line 6)
876 Node: Overview
\7f2609
878 Node: Invoking gzip
\7f9032
879 Node: Advanced usage
\7f14463
880 Node: Environment
\7f16053
882 Node: Problems
\7f17637
883 Node: Copying This Manual
\7f18096
884 Node: GNU Free Documentation License
\7f18334
885 Node: Concept Index
\7f38211